The uterus
The uterus (or womb) is made up of a uterine body and cervix. The uterus is where a baby grows and develops when a person is pregnant.
Layers of the uterus
The uterine body is made up of 3 layers:
- Inner lining (endometrium)
- Middle muscle layer (myometrium)
- Outer covering (serosa)
The cervix
The cervix is tube-shaped and connects the uterus with the vagina. The cervix sits at the top of the vagina. Cervical cancer is different from uterine cancer, and it develops within the cervix.
The vagina
The vagina is a muscular tube that connects the vulva to the cervix. When the uterus is removed (often through the vagina), the upper edge of the vagina is closed with stitches that dissolve. There is enough vaginal length after surgery to allow for penetrative intercourse (sex).
The fallopian tubes
The fallopian tubes connect to the corners of the uterus on both sides. Their only role is to transport eggs from the ovaries into the uterus; they do not produce hormones. Research suggests that ovarian cancer starts in the fallopian tubes so removing them at the time of hysterectomy decreases this risk.
The ovaries
The ovaries are two small round structures that are attached to the uterus and are close to the fallopian tubes on both sides. The ovaries are responsible for creating hormones, such as estrogen and releasing eggs during the reproductive years.
The bladder
The bladder holds urine and is on the front surface of the uterus. It is often emptied with a catheter during the surgery.
The ureters
The ureters are tubes that connect the kidneys (where urine is made) to the bladder (where urine is stored). They are located close to the ovarian and uterine blood supply.
The bowel
The bowel is located in the abdomen and pelvis. It is a very long tube that is close to the gynecologic organs.
The rectum
The rectum, which is the final portion of the bowel, is located behind the uterus.